“When you look back at the initial troop buildup, it looked like a very coordinated, methodical effort, and in that case you would normally have your cyber component planning well in advance with the intention of executing attacks,” said David Kennedy, a former Marine Corps cyber warfare analyst and CEO of cybersecurity firm TrustedSec. “Instead what we saw was very limited, mostly malware and distributed denial of service (DDOS) attacks on Ukrainian websites, which would indicate a lack of planning.”